"An Adult faith does not follow the waves of fashion and the latest novelties."
Pope Benedict XVI

Monday, May 9, 2011

A Mountain of Skulls


THE CATHOLIC KNIGHT:  Radio talk show host Michael Savage said it best.  I wish I had said it first.  Class warfare, which calls for "economic fairness" and the redistribution of wealth, always ends up the same way, in a mountain of skulls.  This is the legacy of Marxism in all it's forms (Communism, Socialism, Fascism and Liberal Progressivism).  The fundamental failure of America's education systems is to distinguish that these economic theories are all variants of the same economic premise invented by Karl Marx.  Call it what you like.  Call is Socialism if you fancy.  That's what the Soviets did.  As far as the Soviets were concerned, there never was such a thing as communism in their country.  The "evil empire" they created was officially called the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" or "USSR."  The word "communist" never entered their vocabulary, except as an abstract ideal they were working toward, but did not currently exist under their Socialist state.  Or you can call it Fascism of you like.  Benito Mussolini, who I suspect knew a thing or two about it, defined fascism simply as the joint ownership of industry by both the state and private corporations.  You can call it Liberalism or Progressivism if that makes you feel better.  Because when you dig down into the rhetoric used by liberal college professors, Democratic Party hacks and the mainstream media elites, it all sounds strikingly familiar.  It is the same dirty water, drawn from the same polluted well, simply packaged in a different kind of bucket.  It's class warfare and wealth redistribution, which equals Marxism, which inevitably results in the same thing -- a mountain of skulls.

The highest officially documented death tolls under Marxist regimes occurred in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, in the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. The estimates of the number of innocent civilians (non-combatants) killed by these three regimes alone number about 70 million.  This does not include smaller Marxist regimes such as North Korea, Vietnam, and Cuba. These also have their records of mass murder.  (Speaking of Cuba, I have a personal stake here as my own family was driven out of Cuba by Gerardo Machado in 1929, after my great-grandfather, a major sugar cane producer, was shot in the back by one of Machado's henchmen.  Yes, The Catholic Knight is all too familiar with the evils of Marxism on a personal family level.)  This is something that every Roman Catholic MUST UNDERSTAND.  Marxist rhetoric such as class warfare, economic "justice" and wealth redistribution ALWAYS results in DEATH - always, ALWAYS, ALWAYS!!!  The only thing that varies is how much death and how often.

Our Lady of Fatima warned us of this.  This was the core of her message.  By turning to the government for the solution to man's problems, instead of Christ and his Church, the end result would be the ruin of the souls, the tyranny of the state and ultimately a mountain of skulls.

Marxism is about wealth redistribution, and it starts with class warfare.  It is the forbidden fruit of the modern world.  One bite of it and your faith begins to die.  That's not to say that Capitalism is the answer.  I'm not defending Capitalism, because we all know that terrible injustices have been committed (and still continue) under Capitalism.  Regular readers of this blog know The Catholic Knight is a Distributist, which means I believe in the free market -- a truly free market -- free of monopolies both public and private.  Capitalism is about unregulated market forces, and this in turn results in monopolies, which in turn result in the tyranny of the corporate class.  Notice I didn't say "tyranny of the rich."  That's because the rich are not to blame.  There is nothing wrong or immoral about being rich.  In fact, the world needs rich people, and so does the Church, because it is through the rich that wealth is naturally distributed, both in the form of wages and charity.  When money is in the hands of people -- even rich people -- one of two things tends to happen to it.  Either the rich person decides to get richer, which in turn requires him to invest some of his money in employees and contractors (i.e. wages and contracts), or else he decides to give some away in the form of charity.  Oftentimes however, elements of both scenarios happen simultaneously.  Sorry, that's just how the real world works, in spite of what you've been told.  The Church in turn encourages both charity and capital development, allowing the rich the opportunity to acquire more wealth if they are so inclined, while at the same time giving them the opportunity to help others both in the form of creating jobs and charitable contributions to the poor.  It's not a perfect system, because people aren't perfect, but it does work pretty well, and it has worked for nearly two-thousand years.

The problem comes when two extreme forms of thought enter the scene.  The first extreme is Capitalism, which is actually a perversion of the free market, not a product of it.  Under Capitalism, free market businessmen are permitted to form corporations.  A corporation is a legal entity that exists solely on paper and is afforded many of the "rights" given to a human being.  It allows businessmen to "work" for the corporation, in the same way an employee might work for an employer.  Remember, however, the corporation does not really exist.  It is simply a legal entity created on paper with no real existence outside of the law.  Those working for the corporation may now do whatever they wish, claiming they are doing it in the name of the corporation as an employee, and that it is really the corporation that directs their actions.  This arrangement opens the door to all sorts of immorality and unethical business practices.  The corporation can acquire an ungodly amount of wealth, beyond what any single human being can possibly need, desire or consume.  It can legally marry (mergers) and produce children (subsidiaries), having all the legal rights of a human being, though it is not human and cannot be prosecuted for it's illegal activities.  Furthermore, there is one thing the corporation can do that no human being can do, and that is live forever!  Yes, the corporation is immortal.  It lives on from one generation to the next, and yet it has no soul.  It is a legal "person" created by the state, at the request of businessmen, for the purpose of engaging in activities that they themselves would never do as private individual entrepreneurs.  In addition to this, these corporations regularly engage in the practice of lobbying for tax breaks and political favors.  Some have called this Corporatism, but regardless of what you call it, it is the hallmark of Capitalism.  G.K. Chesterton once said: "Too much capitalism does not mean too many capitalists, but too few capitalists."  By this he meant that Capitalism does not produce a free market, even though it chants "free market" as it's mantra.  What Capitalists really mean by "free market" is a market free for big corporations to trample the rights of small business and labor.  A real free market is not Capitalism, but rather a market where men are not permitted to form artificial persons (monopolistic corporations) in law designed to gain control of the government and trample the rights of their fellow man.  Rather, a truly free market is a market where everybody has an equal opportunity to make a business or trade for himself.   It's a market where one can pick from hundreds of different shoe manufacturers not just a couple dozen.  It's a market where one can choose to shop at dozens of general store outlets, not just a one or two (at the most) super-centers. It's a market where any man (or woman) can take his life savings, buy a storefront, and with good business practices, have a pretty good shot at making a living.  It's a market where any man (or woman) can use the same life savings, buy a few acres of land and start growing a crop to sell at the local general stores, once again making a fair living in the process.  A truly free market is a market where everyone is free to enter the market, use it, and make a living at doing it.  That is the free market.  The philosophy behind it is called "Distributism" and it's biggest promoter is the Roman Catholic Church.  It is the system that Western civilization was built on, before it was taken over and ruined by the godless ideologies of Capitalism and Marxism.

Socialism in turn is the knee jerk reaction to Capitalism, just as Karl Marx predicted and advocated.  Both are godless systems.  The biggest promoters of Capitalism in history were atheists, and the same can be said of Marxism in all it's forms (Socialism, Fascism, Communism, Liberalism or Progressivism).  Capitalism, in the name of the "free market" robs the people of a truly free market, and then the people react with class warfare.  This is the bait people -- pay attention.  Politicians and elitist advocates of Marxism begin a campaign of class warfare, blaming the "rich" and the supposed "free market" (as understood by Capitalism) for their problems.  The call to "fairness" and "justice" is bantered to rally the people into a political revolution, designed to rob the monopolies and corporations of their property, and transfer it into the hands of the state, either partially (as in Fascism) or totally (as in Socialism), with the promise that this will result in greater wealth for the common man.  Sadly, from a purely historical perspective, we know it is all LIES.  It NEVER happens this way.  Instead, what really happens is this.  Once the civil authorities are given the power to seize private property and redistribute wealth, they go through the country taking every one's private property, capturing (and usually killing) anyone who they think might be a threat to the program, and then doling out a meager stipend to the common man, which is usually just barely enough to live on, if even that.  Once the state owns everything, either totally or partially, it becomes the ultimate monopoly, unable to be challenged by any small entrepreneur under penalty of law.  The Utopian promise of the communist state, where everybody owns everything in common, an no government is needed anymore, fails to materialize.  Instead of sharing the wealth, the misery is spread equally, except among those in charge of spreading the misery, who in turn become the beneficiary of government favors.  Communism, as envisioned by Marx, never materializes because people are involved, and people are inherently corrupt by our fallen sinful nature.

This fallen sinful nature causes human beings to do horrible and unspeakable things to their fellow man.  In a Capitalist system where corporations are given power to do all sorts of unethical things in the name of their bogus "free market" mantra, the oppression of the masses will soon follow.  In a Marxist system where the state is given the power to seize all private property, either partially or totally, the result is again the oppression of the masses.  The difference between them is this.  When corporations kill people (and yes, they do occasionally kill people), they must do so quietly and in stealth.  They can never let the number of deaths get too high, for fear they may get found out.  Instead they prefer to use Capitalist-driven governments to kill people for them, to do their bidding, in the name of some abstract ideal, such as "defending freedom" or "establishing democracy."  However, when Socialist states kill people, they are much less discrete.  They rummage through the population, selecting anyone who might possibly present a threat to their Socialist system, and kill them without regard as enemies of the state.  Sorry, this is just the historical fact, and there is absolutely no reason whatsoever to believe it couldn't happen here in the United States.  It's already happened as close as Cuba.  Europe has already seen it happen more than once. Only the United States and Canada have been spared -- so far.  However, the rhetoric exists here too, and we are only just a few steps away, at any given moment, from watching the cycle repeat itself on American soil.

Roman Catholics WAKE UP!  When we look at Marxists such as Michael Moore, and Capitalists such as Sean Hannity, debating each other on FoxNews, we have to understand that neither of these "Catholics" represent the authentic economic teaching of the Catholic Church.  Michael Moore perverts it, and Sean Hannity has no idea what it is.  Both of these men are pied pipers leading the children of the Catholic Church into destruction.  Don't fall for it!  Look to the teachings of Rome for the answers.  The popes have written extensively on this topic.  The economic teaching of the Catholic Church is centered around the freedom to buy, use and sell property, coupled with the mandate for charitable giving TO THE CHURCH and not to the state.  Only the Church, and privately run charitable organizations, are competent to handle and redistribute the wealth of the people in the form of food, clothing, shelter and medical care.  The state is completely and totally incompetent in this area, as evidenced by history.  That's not to say the state doesn't have a role in society.  The Church teaches quite the opposite.  The state has a positive mandate to provide law and order, basic infrastructure, and defend God-given human rights.  It may even have a role in coordination of private and religious charity to maximize it's impact in areas where it is needed the most.  It does not, however, have a mandate to become our nanny, and replace the role of the Church and private charity.  I have written extensively on this subject HERE in my article entitled "Social Justice vs. Socialism," and if you want to learn more about Distributism you can start with a free online periodical called The Distributist Review.  I have also provided great links to Distributist books in the margins of this article.

15 comments; post here:

Stewart Griffin said...

Without corporations would family estates, passed down through the generations, operate in a similar manner? For instance: amassing wealth, never dying, lobbying legislators, committing crimes etcetera? Is the advantage that the head of the estate can be personally held accountable? Does suing a corporation fail to achieve what suing or jailing the head of the estate achieves? Would jailing more corporate CEOs, as with the ENRON directors, achieve your aims?

The Catholic Knight said...

There is a fundamental difference between family estates and corporations. A family estate has a physical head, which is a real person, who can be held accountable to laws and codes of conduct. The estate is likewise subject to those same laws, so if the head is guilty of misconduct, the estate may be penalized as a result. Furthermore, the head of the family estate is not immortal. When he dies, the estate must either be transfered to another head, or else divided up between heirs. Therefore, it cannot amass wealth forever. It is subject to the same laws of nature as the individual.

Now when it comes to the corporation, we need to observe some characteristics...

1. A corporation has the legal rights of a "person" under Western Capitalist law. This originated in the U.S. Supreme Court decision Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad in 1886.

2. Unlike a real person, a corporation is theoretically immortal.

3. Unlike a real person, a corporation's sole interest is in making money. It is motivated entirely by the bottom line. It's shareholders can sue if it doesn't turn a profit. Also unlike a real person, it has no other interests, no other needs, no other pursuits and no other distractions.

4. The benefits of a corporation is that it's shareholders (owners) cannot be personally sued or held criminally liable for any illegal or unethical activities it might engage in.

Do you see a problem here? I do. What we have in a corporation is a legally recognized "person" that is immortal. It's sole motivation is to make money. It does not eat or sleep. It has no material needs. It functions around the clock, and it is solely motivated by profit, by any means necessary. It's owners (real people) who act in it's name, expect this artificial "person" to do it's job or they will punish it, but this same artificial "person" acts as a shield to protect it's owners (real people) from any criminal or civil liability it causes in it's eternal quest for profit.

The corporation is like a machine. It's a cold-hearted, immortal machine, that acts as a shield to allow some people to do despicably immoral things to other people with impunity.

So in answer to your question, no, criminally pursuing the CEO's of corporations that engage in criminal activities is not enough. The legal structure of the corporation itself must be revisited and reformed.

If corporations were made to be no longer "persons", then corporate charters could be designed more to specific purposes, with built in measures for accountability. These charters could be revoked by the state for bad conduct or for breaching their stated purpose. Real financial penalties could be applied to corporations, and shareholders themselves, could be theoretically held to a certain degree of limited liability in the most severe cases of abuse.

Then of course there is the issue of monopolies, but that is a whole different topic. Suffice it to say that aggressive implementation of America's antitrust laws would be a first step in the right direction.

Stewart Griffin said...

"the family estate is not immortal...It is subject to the same laws of nature as the individual."

If inheritance is concentrated in one individual each generation then it could certainly last a very long time. Certainly, estates in England were passed down through the centuries.

Anyway, we get rid of corporations to prevent people owning a company without being held responsible for the behaviour of the company. So, people cannot take the profits from being Enron shareholders for years, but simply walk away unaffected by their companies misconduct. Certainly sounds like a more moral lifestyle.

Would this end the stock market? Would large concerns still be able to get the capital to invest in large factories and such?

Anonymous said...

Dear Catholic Knight,

Interesting observation concerning a phenomenon that I shall term 'Corporate Murder'; Indeed, this exact accusation has been leveled at a well known computer and IT manufacturer whose production is largely undertaken in China, its workers employed in conditions we in the West would not tolerate, paid wages just theoretically high enough over the poverty line to keep the UN off said corporation's back for slave labour, re suicides that have taken place in its factories. Fellow manufacturers are stalling on providing the appropriate long-term medical care for workers poisoned by unsafe materials/construction processes.

Readers...

For a moment think upon these key questions...

Who makes your toys (both childrens' toys, and the tech-toys so many are enamoured with)?

Who makes your clothes?

Who makes the cloth?

What is it made of?

How are these materials produced?

Under what conditions are these produced ?

Who makes your shoes?

Where are all these material needs and wants manufactured?

Are the processes, conditions and use of resources in line with orthodox Catholic Christian teaching? Are they in line with Subsidiarity? What happens to the dignity of the worker?

Who grows your food?

Who produces the seed?

What dirty little tricks are pulled to prevent the farmer seed-saving for the following year, thus binding him irreversably to the multinational corporation?

What does this mean for food security worldwide?

What does the church teach about this?

What has B16 recently had to say about re-valuing agriculture around the world?

Who is Fr. Vincent McNabb?

Who is Dorothy Day?

What do commentators like Chesterton have to say about all of this?

What is Laborem Exercens?

Who Wrote it and from what background did he hale?

What can we do as individuals?

What are the names of just a few Christian family enterprises that could be patronised for our needs to support our fellow brethren and sisters in Christ, local communities and genuine free enterprise?

What is the definition of slavery?

Who holds the vast majority of the world's wealth?

What does orthodox Catholic Social Teaching say about the responsibilities to which Christian industrialists are called ?

What will happen if we simply bury our heads in the sand and pretend nothing is wrong?

What issues have pushed Greece all of a sudden back into the headlines??

Food for thought,

blessings,

Sarah,
Australia.

Michel S. said...

I'm reminded of "The Corporation" documentary -- the succint conclusion? that if corporations were considered legal persons, they'd be psychotic persons and should not be allowed to run amok!

I quite appreciate the European model of the social market -- government has a regulatory role (who else can tame the corporations?) -- they probably could go a bit further in restraining the larger corporations, especially in France (in Germany and Italy, small and mid-sized family-owned and partnership businesses thrive quite well), and the safety net probably could be rolled back a bit -- French students actually riot against labor market reforms that would make it easier for them to get their first job! -- but overall it's a decent way of having a free market without the excesses of both capitalism (USA) or Marxist-inspired economics (can't think of many places practicing it now -- China is more capitalist than the EU, though it's really corporatism).

Stewart Griffin said...

"Who makes your clothes?

Who makes the cloth? ....

Under what conditions are these produced ?"

Should we refuse to buy products from poor countries with lower working conditions?

How will you avoid the unemployment?

Anonymous said...

Do we ever stop to think as to why political and economic understandings and the spiritual canons which 50 yrs. ago were givens among any group of normal, everyday Catholic adults, are now jettisoned wholesale, left and right, within the Catholic community? Can we not see that not only our Catholic community but the society around us are being torn apart because Church's traditional teachings and canons, which protected families and communities, not to mention built Western Civilization, have been rendered powerless to set any standards, let alone stop the destruction?

Anonymous said...

Stewart and readers,

We, the body of Christ, and the Church itself must advocate for the worker in places such as China as did our great grandfathers and the churchmen of their generation for decent rights and conditions in Australia, the UK and even deepest Darkest USA... Furthermore, , we need to continue patronising local, family or small scale co-operative true free enterprise businesses. the ILO, for what its worth, has all but in my thinking abandoned the worker in the developing world. Western corporations only do business there because its cheap and they do not have to uphold the standards they would otherwise be called to adhere to in the West; i.e. exploitation is legal and the fallen nature of man being what it is, will take the cheapest, meanest, laziest option it can if such is possible. And from what I understand, US employment figures do not look too healthy at the moment either.

Church teaching and Catholic Christian thinkers have provided a workable model that is ideal for all, and almost everyone seems to be ignoring it in favour of either side of the same tyrranical coin - the socialist or capitalist side. Was it on this blog/in its comments I read something Chesterton said about capitalism that the more of it there is, the less capitalists there are??

TCK, I know your time is valuable and do not wish to have this blog turn into an all consuming burden, but perhaps a follow up post in the weeks and months ahead on a working system built upon subsidiarity and orthodox Catholic social teaching with a little ideal model for Catholic christian governance thrown in with appropriate references (as you have been doing re the books recommended within various articles) would be an excellent sequal to this entry.

The profusion of sculls comment is eerily similar to something Peter Hitchens (the Christian brother of the well known atheist Christopher Hitchens) says of socialism in his incredible Christian/political machine appologetic work 'The Rage Against God'. PH is the greatest advocate for Christianity outside of Catholic Christianity and its wonderful lay appologist tim Staples...

In my thinking the clean-up crew that is rooting out the decadence of the builder, war baby and boomer generation cannot do its job fast enough!!!!!

Anonymous said...

I believe Distributism would need a more appealing name to get people's attention and interest.

The concepts are great; just the name doesn't quite explain what it is very well.

Any ideas?

Jack

Stewart Griffin said...

"Stewart and readers,

We, the body of Christ, and the Church itself must advocate for the worker in places such as China"

My question was not should we care about people in developing countries. My question was how you would prevent unemployment while simultaneously increasing wages and working conditions.

"Church teaching and Catholic Christian thinkers have provided a workable model that is ideal for all"

Which is what I am interested in. Please do explain the implementation details and how this would help people in developing nations such as those working in factories in China.

"Furthermore, , we need to continue patronising local...true free enterprise businesses"

If we buy local would people in far off developing nations be poorer?

Anonymous said...

Re the rollback of the slave labour ecconomy creating mass unemployment in the developing world, it is vital that those with the ability to legislate genuine and effective change step back and look at the global model that has been allowed to form in which exploitation lies at the heart.

Incrimentally, unilaterally, the global super-corporate model needs to be dismantled with local enterprise re-invigorated (often destroyed by globalist practices) to fill the vacuum the manifesto relating to food here
http://slowfoodaustralia.com.au/food-diversity/defending-food-diversity/the-future-of-food/
can be applied to a range of industries currently controlled by the global corporate exploitative machine.
The above manifesto is not merely a middle class Western W*nk, but a radical model that, if implimented under the subsidiarist ecconomic model adhereing to the tennants set forth in Catholic Social Doctrine i.e. Laborem Exercens, will make a difference.

Catholic Knight, perhaps you would like to jump in with your expertise here...

i believe the 'but they'll lose their jobs even though said jobs may not be currently carried out under the best conditions' to be somewhat of a straw man argument employed to salve conscience and justify making no changes. Catholic Christians in the civic sphere and churchmen alike need to champion these changes and put pressure on those elements of international and national government in the pay of the multinational corporations to pull their collective finger out and DO SOMETHING!! i am only a humble laywoman, but if I, simple though i am, can see what needs to be done, surely those far more intellegent, powerful and influential than I can see it also - and speak out...

This is the embodiment of Matt 25: 34-40. it is another means by which immediate need can be met even in parishes in the West; in Sydney alone, 120,000 persons go hungry every day; yes!! This figure is accurate - and an absolute disgrace, seeing as Australians throw out $5 billion worth of food per year .

http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2011/s3200706.htm

Catholic Christians should be in the front lines here.

This cannot be excused
http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2010/s3048959.htm

And This just goes to show, TCK is right on the money, excuse the pun.

http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2011/s3145891.htm

Read Chesterton, Day, and co. to learn how to turn the above around, and pray. yes, pray!! the CDM, the Rosary, the Office.

Read Matt 25: 34-40, Acts 2: 42-47 and the entire book of james to learn how one can begin, with God's strength, implimenting the reform. Little by little, step by step, in small ways for the regular citizen, in more significant ways for those priveleged to hold positions that afford the requisite power and influence to bring about an end to the culture of decadence, indifference, autonomy, materialism and rampant individualism...oh and read the Peter Hitchens books 'Rage Against God' and 'the Broken Compass'.

Stewart Griffin said...

"i believe the 'but they'll lose their jobs even though said jobs may not be currently carried out under the best conditions' to be somewhat of a straw man argument employed to salve conscience and justify making no changes"

How is it a straw man argument? The question is: if we shut the low paid/bad condition factory how are you going to guarantee that people will find alternative jobs. It would seem logical that better jobs are not currently available - they would do them already - so how will your changes produce the new better jobs?

"This cannot be excused http://www.abc.net.au/foreign/content/2011/s3200706.htm"

Everyone agrees that the situation is bad, but pointing at a bad situation is not the same as solving the problem.

"Catholic Knight, perhaps you would like to jump in with your expertise here"

Yes! Please do. It would be good to learn more about this stuff.

The Catholic Knight said...

Stewart wrote:
How is it a straw man argument? The question is: if we shut the low paid/bad condition factory how are you going to guarantee that people will find alternative jobs.

Stewart, I don't think this is a "straw man" per se, because the argument is based on a realistic assumption. However, I do disagree with the premise of the argument at face value.

Here is the problem I see. When we buy products from countries that permit labor at virtual slave wages, with poor working conditions, etc., we are actually propping that system up. We are helping, perhaps unwittingly, the perpetual continuation of that system. By refusing to do business with those countries that allow this, it will force those industries to supply their goods and services to their own people instead, wherein at least the people of that country will reap the benefits. This is a small plus, but ultimately justice will only be served when the people of that country (the laborers) stand up to their employers and their government. Pope John Paul II gave people in oppressed countries a working model of how to stand up to their oppressors. It was called the "Solidarity Movement" and Poland was one example of how it worked. We cannot do this for them unfortunately, but we can at least stop helping their oppressors by refusing to support their oppressors in rewarding them with our business.

scotju said...

To me, distributism is an impractical and impossible ecomomic theory. The Chesterbelloc gang never had any formal training or real life experance in this field. Also, the Distributists were all talk, beer drinking, and no action. To the best of my knowlegde, there has never been a successfull demonstration of distributist ideas anywhere in the world.
For realistic ideas on why economies work (or don't work) Tom Woods "The Church and the Market" and Herman DeSoto's "The Mystery of Capitalism" should be read by people who want to get a grip on real life economics, as opposed to impractical theories life distributism.

Anonymous said...

Dear Catholic Knight,

Your comment #13 has voiced my own thoughts and put into words the approach that I perhaps failled to effectively communicate . Thank you for allowing my comments through even though we may differ in our opinions in some areas re these matters.

Dear Scotju,

As it happens, I'm a Cider gal, myself - can't abide beer!! :-) :-)

let us continue to pray for all who are caught up in the destructive model that currenly enslaves so many in the toils of exploitation, and as TCK has suggested, pray that they are inspired by Pope JPII's model of Solidarity, and his magnificent encyclical on Work, 'Laborem Exercens'.

Blessings,

Sarah,
Australia. earth